next up previous
Next: About this document ... Up: English Vowels: Their Surface Previous: Average Duration Measurements

Bibliography

Ash,
Sharon; Myhill, John. 1986. Linguisitc Correlates of Inter-ethnic contact. In Labov, William; Sankoff, David. eds. Diversity and Diachrony. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 33-44.

Ash,
Sharon. 1982. The Vocalization of /l/ in Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania dissertation.

Bailey,
Charles-James N. 1968a. ``Segmental length in southern states English: An instrumental phonetic investigation of a standard dialect in South Carolina.'' MS.

1968b. ``Dialectal differences in the syllabification of nonnasal sonorants in American English.'' General Linguistics 8:79-94.

1969,1970,1971, and forthcoming. (Introduction to) Southern States Phonetics. University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics.

1980. ``Old and new views on language history and language relationships.'' pp139-81 in Helmut Lüdke, ed., Kommunikationstheoretische Grundlagen des Sprachwandels. Berlin: de Gruyter.

1985. English Phonetic Transcription. Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington, Publications in Linguistics #74.

Bailey,
Guy, et al. 1990, ``On the geographical distribution and phonetic character of the Southern monophthongization of /ay/.'' Paper presented at NWAV XIX, Philadelphia.

Barrett,
Madie Ward. 1948. A phonology of southeast Alabama speech. University of North Carolina dissertation.

Becker,
Richard A.; Chambers, John M.; Wilks, Allan R. 1988. The New S Language, A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Computer Science Series.

Bessell,
Nicola. 1991. ``Vowel effects of uvular and pharyngeal consonants in Nxaamxcin (Interior Salish).'' Paper presented at the 121st meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Baltimore, MD.

forthcoming. Interior Salish Phonetics and Phonology. University of British Columbia dissertation.

Bhat,
D. N. S. (1974) ``Retroflexion and retraction.'' Journal of Phonetics 2:233-237.

Bloch,
Bernard. 1948. A Postulates for Phonemic Analysis. Language 24:3-46. Reprinted as p. 167-199, in Makkai, V. B. 1972. Phonological theory: Evolution and Current Practice. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

1950. Studies in Japanese Colloquial Phonemics. Language 26:86-125. Reprinted as p. 329-348 in Joos, Martin, Readings in Linguistics I. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bloomfield,
Leonard. 1934. ``The stressed vowels of American English.'' Language 10:97-116.

Boyce,
Suzanne; Espy-Wilson, Carol Y. 1991. ``The F3 trajectories of American English /r/'s.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 89, #4, part 2 (Supplement) 4SP2, p. 1916.

Browman,
C.P., Goldstein, L. (1986) ``Towards an Articulatory Phonology.'' Phonology Yearbook 3:219-252.

Borowski,
Toni. 1988. ``Coda Constraints on English Syllables.'' Natural Language and Linguistic Theory.

Callary,
E. 1975. ``Phonological change and the development of an urban dialect in Illinois.'' Language in Society 4:155-169.

Cassidy,
Frederic G.; LePage, Robert B., eds. 1967 (1980, 2nd end.). Dictionary of Jamaican English. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Chen,
M. 1970. ``Vowel duration as a function of the voicing of consonant environment.'' Phonetica 22:129-159.

Chomsky,
Noam; Halle, Morris. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.

Chiba,
Tsutomu; Kajiyama, Masato. 1941. The Vowel: Its Nature and Structure. Tokyo: Tokyo-Kaiseikan Publishing Co., Ltd.

Crystal,
T. H.; House, A. S. 1990. ``Articulation rate and duration of syllables and stress groups in connected speech.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Dauer,
R.M. 1983. Stress-timing and Syllable-Timing reanalysed. Journal of Phonetics. 11:51-62.

Delattre,
Pierre. 1968. A Comparison of the Phonetics of French Spanish, German and English. International Review of Applied Linguistics.

Clements,
G. N. 1989. On the representation of vowel height. ms. version of 9/26/1989.

Crane,
L. Benjamin. 1973. Social stratification of English among white speakers in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. University of Massachusetts dissertation.

DeCamp,
D. 1959. ``The Pronunciation of English in San Francisco.'' Orbis 8:54-77.

DeChene,
Brent. The historical phonology of vowel length. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.

``Review of F. G. Cassidy: Jamaica Talk.'' Language 39:536-544.

DePaolo,
Marianna. 1988. ``Pronunciation and Categorization in Sound Change''. in Ferrara, Kathleen; Brown, Becky; Walters, Keith; Baugh, John. eds. Linguistic Change and Contact. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation.

Dinnsen,
D. 1985. ``A re-examination of phonological neutralization.'' Journal of Linguistics 21: 265-279.

Dupree,
B. C., "Formant Coding of Speech Using Dynamic Programming," Electronics Letters. Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 279-280, March 29, 1984.

Eckert,
Penelope. 1986. The roles of high school social structure in phonological change. Chicago Linguistics Society.

Edmondson,
Jerold A.; Feagin, Crawford; Mühlhäusler, Peter, eds. Development and Diversity: Language Variation across Time and Space, A Festschrift for Charles-James N. Bailey. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington. Publications in Linguistics # 93.

Efron,
Bradley. 1982. The Jackknife, the Bootstrap, and Other Resampling Plans. Philadelphia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

Fant,
Gunnar. 1968. ``Analysis and synthesis of speech processes.'' pp 173-277 in Manual of Phonetics, ed. Bertil Malmberg, Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co.

Fant,
Gunnar. 1960. Acoustic Theory of Speech Production. 's-Gravenhage: Mouton and Co.

Fasold,
Ralph. 1969. Tense and the form, be. Language 45:763-776.

1972. Tense Marking in Black English: A Linguistic and Social Analysis. Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics.

Feagin,
Crawford. 1979. Variation and Change in Alabama English, A sociolinguistic Study of the White Community. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

1986. ``More evidence for major vowel change in the South.'' In David Sankoff. ed. Diversity and Diachrony. pp83-95. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

1987. ``A closer look at the Southern drawl: variation taken to extremes.'' pp 137-150 in Variation in Language: NWAVE XV at Stanford. eds. Keith M. Denning, Sharon Inkelas, Faye C. McNair-Knox, John R. Rickford. Stanford: Department of Linguistics, Stanford, California.

1990. ``The Dynamics of a Sound Change in Southern States English: From r-less to r-ful in Three Generations.'' pp 129-146 in Edmondson, et al. eds. 1990.

in press. ``Short-A Raising in Southern States English?''

Flanagan,
J. C. 1955. ``A difference limen for vowel formant frequency.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 27:613-617.

Foley,
Lawrence M. 1972. A phonological and lexical study of the speech of Tuscaloosa County, Alabama. Publication of the American Dialect Society 58.

Foscue,
Virginia O. 1971. A Preliminary Survey of the Vocabulary of White Alabamians. Publications of the American Dialect Society 56, November 1971.

Fujimura,
Osamu; Sproat, Richard. 1990. Evidence for the Non-Categorical nature of the clear-l, dark-l distinction. LSA paper???

Goldsmith,
John A. 1990. Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Cambridge, Mass.; Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Graff,
David; Labov, William; Harris, Wendell. 1986. ``Testing Listener's Reactions to Phonological Markers of Ethnic Identity: A New Method for sociolinguistic research.'' In David Sankoff. ed. Diversity and Diachrony. p. 45-58. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Green,
Elizabeth. 1932. A dialect survey of Mobile, Mobile County, Alabama. Alabama Polytechnic Institute Master's thesis.

Guy,
Gregory. 1980. ``Variation in the group and the individual: the case of final stop deletion.'' in Labov, William, ed. Locating language in time and space. Orlando: Academic Press. p. 1-36.

Hall,
Joe T. 1932. A dialect study of Langdale, Chambers County Alabama. Alabama Polytechnic Institute Master's thesis.

Halle,
Morris. 1957. In defense of the number two. P. 65-72 in: Studies presented to Joshua Whatmough on his 60th birthday. The Hague: Mouton.

Halle,
Morris. 1959. The Sound Pattern of Russian. The Hague: Mouton.

Halle,
Morris; Mohanan, K. P. 1985. ``Segmental Phonology of Modern English.'' Linguistic Inquiry v16, #1:pp57-116.

Harris,
James W. 1969. Spanish Phonology. MIT Press Research Monograph, #54. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

1983. ``Syllable structure and stress in Spanish: a nonlinear analysis.'' Linguistic Inquiry Monographs #8. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Harris,
John. 1985. Phonological variation and change : studies in Hiberno-English. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press,

Herold,
Ruth. 1990. Mechanisms of Merger: The implementation and distribution of the low back merger in Eastern Pennsylvania. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.

Hindle,
Donald M. 1979. The social and situational conditioning of phonetic variation. University of Pennsylvania PhD Thesis.

1983. ``Deterministic Parsing of Syntactic Non-fluencies.'' Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. pp123-129.

Hockett,
C. F. 1959. ``The stressed syllabics of Old English.'' Language 35:575-597.

Jakobson,
Roman; Fant, Gunnar; Halle, Morris. 1952. Preliminaries to Speech Analysis. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Janda,
Richard. 1988. On the Motivation for an Evolutionary Typology of Sound-Structural Rules. U.C.L.A. PhD Thesis.

Janson,
T. & Schulman, R. 1983. ``Non-distinctive features and their use. Journal of Linguistics 19:321-336.

Jassem,
W. 1959. The Phonology of Polish Stress. Word 15: 252-269.

Jespersen,
Otto. 1909. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles, Part 1: Sounds and Spellings. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.

Johnson,
L. A. 1974. A sociolinguistics study of selected vowel changes in Los Angeles English. University of Southern California dissertation.

Jones,
Charles. 1989. A History of English Phonology. London/New York: Longman.

Keating,
Patricia A.; Huffman, M.K. 1984. ``Vowel Variation in Japanese.'' Phonetica. Volume 41, #4:191-207.

1988. A Survey of Phonological Features. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Linguistics Club.

Kenstowicz;
Kisseberth. 1979. Introduction to Generative Phonology. New York: Academic Press.

Kenyon,
John S.; Knott, Thomas A. 1943. A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam Webster.

King,
Robert D. 1967. ``Functional load and sound-change.'' Language 43:831-852.

1969a. ``Push chains and drag chains.'' Glossa 3: 3-21.

1969b. Historical Linguistics and Generative Grammar. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Kiparsky,
Paul. 1982. Lexical Morphology and Phonology. In Linguistics Society of Korea. ed. Linguistics in the Morning Calm: Selected Papers from SICOL-1981. Seoul: Hanshin Publishing Company.

Kiparsky,
Paul. 1988. ``Phonological Change''. in F. Newmeyer, ed. Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey. Volume 1. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kurath,
Hans; McDavid, Raven I., Jr. 1961. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States, based upon collection of the Linguistic Atlas of the Eastern United States (=Studies in American English, 3.) Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Kurath,
Hans. 1940. ``Morning and mourning'' in Nathaniel M Caffee, Thomas A Kirby, eds. Studies for Wm. A. Read. pp166-73, Louisiana State University: LSU Press.

Kurath,
Hans. 1949. A word geography of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Kuhn,
S. M. 1961. ``On the syllabic phonemes of Old English.'' Language 522-538.

Labov,
William; Cohen, Paul; Robbins, Clarence; Lewis, John. 1968. A Study of the Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican speakers of New York City. Philadelphia: U.S. Regional Survey, Linguistics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania.

Labov,
William; Yaeger, Malcah; Steiner, Richard. 1972. A Quantitative Study of Sound Change in Progress. NSF GS-3287. Philadelphia: U.S. Regional Survey, Linguistics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania.

Labov,
William; Harris, Wendell. 1986. De Facto Segregation of Black and White Vernaculars. In Sankoff, David. eds. Diversity and Diachrony. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 1-24.

Labov,
William D. 1966. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Columbia University PhD Thesis. also 1980, Washington D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.

1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

1980. ``The social origins of sound change.'' In William Labov. ed. Locating Language in Time and Space. New York: Academic Press. p. 251-265.

1984. ``Field Methods of the Project on Linguistic Change and Variation.'' In. J. Baugh & J. Sherzer (eds.), Language in Use. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 28-53.

1986. ``Sources of Inherent Variation.'' in Perkell, Josep S.; Klatt, Dennis H. eds. Invariance and variability in speech processes. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

1989. ``The limitations of context: Evidence from misunderstandings in Chicago.'' Proceedings of the 1989 meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society.

1990. ``The Exact Description of the Speech Community.'' In Fasold, R.; Schiffrin, D. eds. Language Change and Variation. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

1991. ``The Three Dialects of English.'' In Eckert, P., ed. Quantitative Studies of Sound Change in Progress. New York: Academic Press.

Ladefoged,
P.; Harshman, R.; Goldstein, L.; Rice, L. 1978. ``Generating vocal tract shapes from formant frequencies.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 64:1027-1035.

Ladefoged,
P. N. 1983. ``Cross-linguistic studies of speech production.'' In P. MacNeilage, ed., The production of speech. New York: Springer.

Laniran,
Yetunde. 1991. Paper given at the Winter meeting of the LSA, Washington D.C.

Lass,
Roger. 1974. ``Linguistic Orthogenesis? Scots vowel quantity and the English length conspiracy.'' in Anderson and Jones, 1974:311-343. vol 2. of the Proceedings of the First International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: North Holland.

Lehiste,
I. and Peterson, G., 1961, ``Transitions, Glides, and Diphthongs.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 33: 268-277.

Levine,
Lewis; Crockett, Harry J., Jr. ``Speech variation in a Piedmont community: Postvocalic /r/.'' In Stanley Lieberson, ed. Explorations in sociolinguistics. IJAL 33:4:76-98. (= Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics, Pub. 44).

LePage,
Robert B.; DeCamp, David. 1960. Jamaican Creole: An historical introduction to Jamaican Creole. London: Macmillan.

Liberman,
Mark; Pierrehumbert, Janet. 1984. ``Intonational Invariance under Changes in Pitch Range and Length''. Chapter 10 in Aronoff, Mark; Oehrle, Richard. eds. Language Sound Structure: Studies in phonology presented to Morris Halle from his teacher and students. Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.

Liljencrantz,
J.; Lindblom, B. 1972. ``Numerical simulation of vowel quality systems: the role of perceptual contrast.'' Language 48, 4:839-862.

Lindau,
Mona. 1975. ``Features for vowels.'' UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 30. Lund University Working Papers 11, 1975, pp. 1-42.

1978. ``Vowel features.'' Language 54:541-562.

Lindblom,
Bjorn E. F. 1963a. On Vowel Reduction. FL Thesis, Univ. of Uppsala. Royal Inst. of Tech. Lab. Rpt. #29 1963.

1963b. ``Spectrographic Study of Vowel Reduction.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 35:1773-1781.

1978. ``Phonetic aspects of linguistic explanation.'' Studia Linguistica. XXXII I-II: 137-153.

Lisker,
Leigh. 1949. The [æ] - [] distinction, a problem in acoustic linguistics. University of Pennsylvania Ph.D. Thesis.

Maddieson,
Ian. 1984. Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Maekawa,
Kikuo. 1989. ``Statistical tests for the study of vowel merger.'' In Shizuo Mizutani, ed. Japanese Quantitative Linguistics. Quantitative Linguistics Vol. 39.

Mazzie,
Claudia; Veatch, Thomas. 1986. An Investigation of Unstressed Vowels in Spontaneous Speech. ms.

McDavid,
Raven I., Jr. 1940. ``Low back vowels in the South Carolina Piedmont'', American Speech 15: 144-148.

1948. ``Post-Vocalic /-r/ in South Carolina: A Social Analysis'', American Speech 23: 194-203 also in McDavid, 1980, Varieties of American English. Ed. by Anwar S. Dil. Stanford: SUP.

McMillan,
James B.; Montgomery, Michael. 1989. Annotated bibliography of Southern American English. UA press. Van Pelt Reference PE2922.M37

McMillan,
James B. 1946. Phonology of the standard English of East Central Alabama. University of Chicago dissertation.

Metcalf,
Allan. 1974. ``The Study of California Chicano English.'' International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 2:53-58.

Moonwomon,
B. 1987. ``Truly awesome: () in California English.'' In K. Denning et al. (eds.) Variation in Language: NWAV-XV at Stanford. Stanford: Department of Linguistics, Stanford University. pp325-336.

Ohala,
John. 1985. ``Around flat.'' Phonetic Linguistics: Essays in honor of Peter Ladefoged, ed. Victoria A. Fromkin. New York: Academic Press. pp 223-241.

Patrick,
Peter. in progress. A sociolinguistic study of urban Jamaica Creole. University of Pennsylvania Ph.D. Thesis.

Peterson,
G.E.; Barney, H.L. 1952. ``Control methods used in a study of vowels.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 24:175-184.

Peterson,
G.E.; Lehiste, I. 1960. ``Duration of syllable nuclei in English.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 32:693-703.

Pettersson,
Thore; Wood, Sidney A. J. 1987a. ``Vowel Reduction in Bulgarian and its implications for theories of vowel production: A review of the problem.'' Folia Linguistica XXI/2-4, pp261-279.

1987b. ``Model Experiments on vowel reduction in Bulgarian.'' In Proc. XIth Int'l Cong. of Phonetic Sciences. Tallinn, Volume 2, pp 57-60.

Pike,
Kenneth L. 1947. ``On the phonemic status of English diphthongs.'' Language 23:151-159.

Press,
William H.; Flannery, Brian P.; Teukolsky, Saul A.; Vetterling, William T. 1988. Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Prins,
A. A. 1972. A History of English Phonemes. Leiden: Leiden University Press.

Rash,
Coralee. 1941. A dialect study of Kinston, Chambers County, Alabama. Alabama Polytechnic Institute Master's thesis.

Rayleigh,
John William Strutt, Baron. 1894-96. The theory of sound. London, New York: MacMillan. Also 1945, New York: Dover Publications.

Roberts,
J.; Sabino, R. 1988. Decoding in extended context. Paper presented at NWAV XVII, October 1988, at U of Montreal.

Rogers,
Catherine. 1940. A dialect study of Camp Hill, Tallapoosa County Alabama. Alabama Polytechnic Institute Master's thesis.

Sagey,
Elizabeth. 1986. The Representation of Features and Relations in Non-Linear Phonology. MIT PhD Thesis.

Santa Ana,
Otto. 1991. Phonetic Simplification Processes in the English of the Barrio: a cross-generational sociolinguistic study of the Chicanos of Los Angeles. University of Pennsylvania dissertation.

Sapir,
Edward. 1921. Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.

Satterfield,
Cecile. 1940. Dialect studies of Marburg School District. Autauga County, Alabama. Alabama Polytechnic Institute Master's thesis.

Schane,
Sanford. 1984. ``The fundamentals of particle phonology''. Phonology Yearbook 1, pp129-155.

Secrest,
Bruce G.; Doddington, George R. 1983. ``An integrated pitch tracking algorithm for speech systems.'' Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP-83).

Sievers,
Eduard. 1876, 1901. Grundzüge der Phonetik zur Einführung in das Studium der Lautlehre der indogermanischen Sprachen. Leipzig: Verlag von Breitkopf & Härtel. 1st edition, 1876. 5th edition, 1901.

Sivertsen,
Eva. 1960. Cockney Phonology. Oslo: Oslo University Press.

Sledd,
James. 1966. ``Breaking, Umlaut, and the Southern Drawl.'' Language 42:18-41.

Sproat,
Richard; Fujimura, Osamu. 1989. ``Articulatory evidence for the non-categoricalness of English /l/ allophones.'' paper presented at the Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting, December 1989, Washington, D.C.

Statistical Institute of Jamaica,
. 1986. Statistical Yearbook of Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica: SIJ.

Stampe,
David. 1972. ``On the natural history of diphthongs.'' Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistics Society 8:578-590.

Stanley,
Richard. 1967. Redundancy Rules in Phonology. Language 43:393-436.

Stevens,
Kenneth N.; House, Arthur S. 1955. ``Development of a Quantitative Description of Vowel Articulation.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 27:484-493.

1963. ``Perturbation of Vowel Articulations by Consonant Context: an Acoustical Study.'' Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 6: 111-128.

Strange,
W; Verbrugge, R.R.; Shankweiler, D.P.; Edman, T.R. 1976. ``Consonantal context specifies vowel identity.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 60:213-224.

Strange,
W. 1989. ``Evolving theories of vowel perception.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85, #5:2081-2087.

Sussman,
Harvey M. 1991. An investigation of locus equations as a higher order relational invariant for place of articulation in stops. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 89, #4, Part 2. 8SP13. April, 1991. p. 1998.

Swadesh,
Morris. (1947) ``On the analysis of English syllabics.'' Language 23:137-150.

Talkin,
David. 1987. ``Speech formant trajectory estimation using dynamic programming with modulated transition costs.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 82, Supplement 1.

Thomas,
Eric R.; Bailey, Guy; Benson, R. H. 1990. ``A Phonetic Description of Southern American monophthongal /aI/.'' Paper presented at NWAVE 1990, University of Pennsylvania.

Trager,
George L.; Bloch, Bernard. 1941. ``The Syllabic Phonemes of English.'' Language 17: 223-246.

Trager,
George L.; Smith, Henry. 1951. An Outline of English Structure. Oklahoma: Battenburg Press.

Trager,
G. L. 1940. ``One phonemic entity becomes two: the case of `short a'.'' American Speech 15:255-258.

Trudgill,
Peter. 1986. Dialects in Contact. Oxford, New York: Basil Blackwell. (Language in Society 10)

Van der Hulst,
Harry. 1989. ``Feature Hierarchitecture'' ms.

Van Santen,
Jan P. H.; Olive, Joseph P. 1990. ``The analysis of contextual effects on segmental duration.'' Computer Speech and Language 4:359-390.

Veatch,
Thomas C. 1988. ``Tok Pisin Consonant Phonology in Speech.'' Penn Linguistics Review.

Veatch,
Thomas C. 1990. ``Final Devoicing of Fricatives in English.'' Paper presented at the 1989

Wald,
Benjamin. 1984. ``The status of Chicano English as a dialect of American English.'' in Ornstein-Galicia. ed. Form and function in Chicano English.

Watrous,
Raymond L. 1991. Current status of Peterson-Barney formant data. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 89, #5. p. 2459-2460.

Wells,
John C. 1973. Jamaican Pronunciation in London. Publications of the Philological Society, XXV. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

1982. Accents of English I, An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1982. Accents of English II, The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1982. Accents of English III, Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wood,
Gordon R. 1961. Word Distribution in the Interior South. Publications of the American Dialect Society 35 April, 1961.

Wood,
Sidney A. J. 1987. ``The history of the classical vowel articulation model: a reply to Catford and Fischer-Jørgensen.'' In Proc. XIth Int'l Cong. of Phonetic Sciences. Tallinn, v2 53-56.

Wood,
Sidney A. J.; Pettersson, Thore. 1988. ``Vowel Reduction in Bulgarian: The phonetic data and model experiments.'' Folia Linguistica XXII/3-4, pp240-262.

Whorf,
Benjamin L. 1943. ``Phonemic analysis of the English of Eastern Massachusetts.'' SIL 2:21-40.

Yip,
Moira. 1987. ``English Vowel Epenthesis.'' Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5:463-484.


next up previous
Next: About this document ... Up: English Vowels: Their Surface Previous: Average Duration Measurements
Thomas Veatch 2005-01-25